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226 if,even if,whether,unless,but for,otherwise,provided,suppose

A even if(= even though 即便)

请比较下面两个例句:

You must go tomorrow if you are ready.

如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。

You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.

哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。

B whether…or(= if…or是否)

You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.

无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。

C unless + 肯定动词(= if + 否定动词除非)

Unless you start at once you'll be late.相当于:

If you don't start at once you'll be late.

除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。

Unless you had a permit you couldn't get a job.相当于:

If you hadn't a permit you couldn't get a job.

除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。

注意下面两个例句间的区别:

(a) Don't call me if you need help.

如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。

(b) Don't call me unless you need help.

除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。

在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。

unless + he'd/you'd like/prefer 等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldn't like 等:

I'll ask Tom,unless you'd prefer me to ask/unless you'd rather I asked Bill.

我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。

D but for(= if it were not for/if it hadn't been for 不然)

My father pays me fees.But for that I wouldn't be here.

我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。

The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.

汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。

E otherwise(= if this doesn't happen/didn't happen/hadn't happened 否则)

We must be back before midnight; otherwise we'll be locked out.

我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:

If we are not back by midnight we'll be locked out.

如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。

Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldn't be here.

她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:

If her father didn't pay her fees she wouldn't be here.

要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。

I used my calculator; otherwise I'd have taken longer.

我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:

If I hadn't used my calculator I'd have taken longer.

要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。

F 在日常英语中 or(+ else)可以代替 otherwise:

We must be early or(else) we won't get a seat.

我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。

G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided(that)可以代替 if。它主要用来表示允许:

You can camp here provided you leave no mess.

你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。

H suppose/supposing…?(= what if…?假如)

Suppose the plane is late?相当于:

What if/What will happen if the plane is late?

假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况?

Suppose no one had been there?相当于:

What if no one had been there?

假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样?

suppose 也可以引出建议:

Suppose you ask him?/Why don't you ask him?

假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢?

明明白白读英语 轻轻松松记单词

You can memorize words in an efficient way if you pronounce them reasonably. Say words correctly, and you will learn them easily. Correct pronunciation means correct spelling of the words. English spelling is not good to guide its pronunciation. But spelling and pronunciation have closed relationship. They match each other perfectly. Sometimes we can pronounce a word according to its spelling. English pronunciation can also guide its spelling. This is a two-way communication.
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英语语法(牛津版)
第二十一章 条件语气
条件时态
219 条件现在时
220 条件完成时
条件句
221 条件句类型 1
222 条件句类型 2
223 条件句类型 3
224 if 从句中的 will/would 和 should
225 if + were 以及主语和助动词的倒装
226 if,even if,whether,unless,but for,otherwise,provided,suppose
227 if 和 in case
228 if only
229 间接引语中的条件句
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