240 作主语
A 不定式或不定式短语可作动词 appear,be,seem 的主语,这时不定式可位于句首:
To compromise appears advisable.
看来以妥协为好。
To lean out of the window is dangerous.
身探出窗外很危险。
To save money now seems impossible.
现在好像不可能存钱。
B 但更经常的做法是将代词 it 置于句首,而将不定式或不定式短语移至句末:
It appears advisable to compromise.
It is dangerous to lean out of the window.
It seemed impossible to save money.
在这里的 it 称为先行主语。注意它在疑问句中使用的情况:
Would it be safe to camp here?
在这里宿营安全吗?
Wouldn't it be better to go on?
继续走下去不是更好吗?
这里必须用 it 结构,否则会产生 Would + to camp 和 Wouldn't + to go on 那样的语序,而那样是不可以的。
C 通常这一类不定式结构由 it + be + 形容词 + 不定式组成。
(参见第26节与第27节。)
但有时也可用名词代替形容词:
It would be a crime/a mistake/a pity to cut down any more trees.
再砍伐树木将是一种犯罪/是一个错误/是个遗憾。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street.
在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。
D cost/take + 宾语 + 不定式(主语)也是可行的:
It would cost millions/take years to rebuild the castle.
重建这座城堡需要花数百万元/许多年的时间。
E 从一般的角度考虑一种动作时,可用动名词而不用不定式,但用不定式更为保险。但我们想要指特定的一次时,必须用不定式:
He said,‘Do come.' It was impossible to refuse.
他说:“一定来。”不可能拒绝他的要求。
但是说:
It is not always easy to refuse invitations.
别人的邀请往往无法轻易拒绝。
It is not always easy to refuse invitations 可以用 Refusing invitations is not always easy 来代替。在这里这一动作是从一般的角度考虑的,所以动名词和不定式都可以。(另参见第258节。)
F it + 不定式结构可位于 believe/consider/discover/expect/ find/think(that)和 wonder(if)之后:
He thought(that)it would be safer to go by train.
他认为乘火车去较安全。
这样用的 find 之后可省略 that + 动词 be:
He found(that)it was easy to earn extra money./He found it easy to earn extra money.
他发现赚点外快很容易。
He will find(that)it is hard to make friends./ He will find it hard to make friends.
他会感觉到交朋友困难。
有时 think 也可这样用:
He thought it safer to go.
他认为去更安全一些。
在其他动词之后仍以不省略 be 为好。(关于类似的动名词结构,参见第258节。)
G 不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语:
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
这里同样也可用 it 作为先行主语:
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。 |