246 不带 to 的不定式
A can,do,may,must,shall,will 之后接不带 to 的不定式:
They could do it today.
他们可以今天做这件事。
I may as well start at once.
我还不如马上就动身。
He will probably object.
他可能会反对。
B need 和 dare 之后也接不带 to 的不定式,但它们不作为情态动词而是同助动词 do/did 或 will/would 连用时除外:
You needn't say anything.
你不必说什么。
但是说:
You don't/won't need to say anything.
你不需要/将不需要说什么。
I dared not wake him.
我不敢叫醒他。
但是说:
I didn't/wouldn't dare(to)wake him.
我没敢/不敢叫醒他。
理论上,在最后一个例句中要求用 to,但实际上常被省略。按语法规则来说,如果 dare 和 used 用为助动词,它们就像大多数助动词一样后面接不带 to 的不定式;如果它们用为普通动词并与 do/ did 等连用,就像普通动词一样后面接带 to 的不定式。
C feel,hear,see 和 watch:
I heard him lock the door.
我听见他锁了门。
I saw/watched him drive off.
我看见他开车走了。
但 see 和 hear 在被动语态的句子中要与带 to 的不定式连用:
He was seen to enter the office.
有人看见他进了办公室。
He was heard to say that…
有人听见他说过……
但 feel,hear,see 和 watch 经常是与现在分词连用:
I heard them shouting.
我听到他们在大声喊叫。(参见第273节。)
D let 在主动语态和被动语态的句子中都与不带 to 的不定式连用。但 let 在被动语态的句子中常常被另一个词所代替:Theylet me know… 在被动词态的句子中被 I was told… 所代替,而 They let him see the documents 则被 He was allowed to see them 所代替。
let 之后的不定式/不定式短语有时为了避免重复而被省略:
She wants to go out to work but he won't let her(go out to work).
她想要出去工作,可他不让她去。
在下面的习语中,let 没有宾语:
Live and let live.
宽己容人。
(关于 let us/let's 用于表示命令和建议,参见第281节与第289节。)
E make
make 在主动语态的句子中与不带to的不定式连用:
He made me move my car.
他迫使我挪动我的汽车。
但在被动语态的句子中 make 与带 to 的不定式连用:
I was made to move my car.
我被迫挪动了我的汽车。
为了避免重复,有时 make(主动语态)之后的不定式可省去:
—Why did you tell him?
—He made me(tell him)!
—你为什么要告诉他?
—是他迫使我(告诉他)的!
make(被动语态)之后的不定式可由 to 来代表:
I was made to(tell him).
我是被迫(告诉他)的。
F would rather/sooner,rather/sooner than(参见第297与第298书):
—Shall we go today?
—I'd rather wait till tomorrow.
—我们今天去好吗?
—我宁可等到明天再去。
Rather/Sooner than risk a bad crossing,he postponed his journey.
他不愿冒大风险,推迟了横渡海峡的旅行。
G had better(参见第120节):
‘You had better start at once,'he said.
他说:“你最好马上就动身。”
H help 后面接带 to 或不带 to 的不定式都可以:
He helped us(to)push it.
他帮我们推它。
I 如果两个不定式由 and 连接在一起,通常可将第二个不定式的 to 省略:
I intend to sit in the garden and write letters.
我打算坐在花园里并写些信。
I want you to stand beside me and hold the torch.
我要你站在我身边拿着手电筒。
J but 和 except 跟在 do + anything/nothing/everything 后面时,可以与不带 to 的不定式连用:
He does nothing but complain.
他只是一个劲地抱怨。
My dog does everything but speak.
我的狗除了不会说话以外什么都会。
Can't you do anything but ask silly questions?
你别一个劲地提愚蠢的问题好吗?(你除了提愚蠢的问题,难道不会干点别的?)
There's nothing to do but wait.
除了等候没有别的办法。
K 在下列句子中 to 可有可无:
The only thing to do/we can do is(to) write to him.
唯一可做的事/我们唯一能做的事是给他写信。
All we can do is(to) write to him.
(译文同上。) |